(论文翻译 页数:25 字数:12814)一、数控系统发展简史及趋势
1946年诞生了世界上第一台电子计算机，这表明人类创造了可增强和部分代替脑力劳动的工具。它与人类在农业、工业社会中创造的那些只是增强体力劳动的工具相比，起了质的飞跃，为人类进入信息社会奠定了基础。6年后，即在1952年，计算机技术应用到了机床上，在美国诞生了第一台数控机床。从此，传统机床产生了质的变化。近半个世纪以来，数控系统经历了两个阶段和六代的发展。
1.1、数控（NC）阶段（1952～1970年）
早期计算机的运算速度低，对当时的科学计算和数据处理影响还不大，但不能适应机床实时控制的要求。人们不得不采用数字逻辑电路"搭"成一台机床专用计算机作为数控系统，被称为硬件连接数控（HARD-WIRED NC），简称为数控（NC）。随着元器件的发展，这个阶段历经了三代，即1952年的第一代--电子管；1959年的第二代--晶体管；1965年的第三代--小规模集成电路。
1.2、计算机数控（CNC）阶段（1970年～现在）
到1970年，通用小型计算机业已出现并成批生产。于是将它移植过来作为数控系统的核心部件，从此进入了计算机数控（CNC）阶段（把计算机前面应有的"通用"两个字省略了）。到1971年，美国INTEL公司在世界上第一次将计算机的两个最核心的部件--运算器和控制器，采用大规模集成电路技术集成在一块芯片上，称之为微处理器（MICROPROCESSOR），又可称为中央处理单元（简称CPU）。
到1974年微处理器被应用于数控系统。这是因为小型计算机功能太强，控制一台机床能力有富裕（故当时曾用于控制多台机床，称之为群控），不如采用微处理器经济合理。而且当时的小型机可靠性也不理想。早期的微处理器速度和功能虽还不够高，但可以通过多处理器结构来解决。由于微处理器是通用计算机的核心部件，故仍称为计算机数控。
到了1990年，PC机（个人计算机，国内习惯称微机）的性能已发展到很高的阶段，可以满足作为数控系统核心部件的要求。数控系统从此进入了基于PC的阶段。
总之，计算机数控阶段也经历了三代。即1970年的第四代--小型计算机；1974年的第五代--微处理器和1990年的第六代--基于PC（国外称为PC-BASED）。
还要指出的是，虽然国外早已改称为计算机数控（即CNC）了，而我国仍习惯称数控（NC）。所以我们日常讲的"数控"，实质上已是指"计算机数控"了。

First, CNC systems and the development trend of history
1946 birth of the world's first electronic computer, which shows that human beings created to enhance and replace some of the mental work tools. It and human agriculture, industrial society in the creation of those who merely increase compared to manual tools, from a qualitative leap for mankind's entry into the information society laid the foundation. Six years later, in 1952, computer technology applied to the machine in the United States was born first CNC machine tools. Since then, the traditional machine produced a qualitative change. Nearly half a century since the CNC system has experienced two phases and six generations of development.
1.1, Numerical Control (NC) phase (1952 to 1970)
Early computer's computational speed low and the prevailing scientific computing and data processing is not affected, but can not meet the requirements of real-time control machine. People have to use digital logic circuit "tied" into a single machine as a dedicated computer numerical control system, known as the hardware connection NC (HARD-WIRED NC), called the Numerical Control (NC). With the development of components of this phase after three generations, that is, in 1952 the first generation - tube; 1959 of the second generation - transistor; 1965 of the third generation - small-scale integrated circuits.
1.2, Computer Numerical Control (CNC) phase (1970 to present)
To 1970, GM has been a small computer and mass-produced. So it transplant system as the core component of NC, have entered a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) stage (in front of the computer should be "universal" word omitted). To 1971, the United States INTEL company in the world will be the first time the two most core computer components - computing and controller, a large-scale integrated circuit technology integration in a chip, called the microprocessor (MICROPROCESSOR) , also known as the central processing unit (CPU).
1974 microprocessor to be used in CNC system. This is because the function of the computer is too small to control a machine tool capacity affluent (the time has been used to control more than one machine, called Group Control), as a reasonable economic use of the microprocessor. Minicomputer reliability and then not ideal. Early microprocessor speed and functionality while still not high enough, but can be adopted to solve the multi-processor architecture. As microprocessor core is a general computer components, it is still known as the CNC.
By 1990, PC machines (personal computers, domestic habits that computer) performance has been developed to a high stage, as a CNC system to meet the requirements of the core components. NC system based on PC has now entered the stage.
In short, CNC has also experienced a stage three generations. That is, in 1970's fourth generation - small computer; 1974 of the fifth generation - microprocessors and the sixth-generation 1990 - Based on the PC (called PC-BASED abroad).
Also pointed out that, although the foreign computer has been renamed NC (CNC), but China still customary said Numerical Control (NC). Therefore, we stress the day-to-day "NC", in essence, is that "computer numerically controlled."