(论文翻译 页数:15 字数:7595)摘要：可重构制造系统( RMS )是一种新的制造系统模式，目的在于实现成本效益和系统的快速变化，根据需要必要时纳入模块化、可积性、灵活性、可伸缩性、可兑换和可诊断的原则。在短时间内RMS能提供定制柔性需求，而柔性制造系统为预期变化的广义柔性和内置式的先验，通过两种范式特征的概述的比较，形成制造系统生命周期的概念。在制造系统里柔性的主要类型与多种重构包括硬(物理)和软(逻辑)方面的讨论和对比。制造系统及其组成部分、工厂的可变性和可转换性的功能随着他们的发展已实现，这些功能是柔性与重构的比较。必须有统一的人机制造系统突出其重要性，人们在不同的制造模式以及如何在追求生产力下被应用。最后，这些制造范式的讨论是工业界和学术界所面临的挑战。
关键词 可变性；柔性；制造系统；重构
1 介绍
制造系统从车间中的用机器、低专用品种生产线，带动了经济规模。在八十年代，引入柔性制造的概念是针对大规模定制的需要和更大的产品变化的生产技术和市场。柔性制造系统的发展也为解决中量、中期品种生产的需要。在设计和制造中的相似通常用于达到经济规模。柔性制造系统具有这些差异性和内在的柔性；因此他们发展更加强劲，但初期投资成本高。进入九十年代，以最优、最敏捷、减少废物，质量和精益生产被确定为重点目标，以确保在全球竞争激烈的市场中的生存能力。
重构制造的概念在过去几年已经出现，试着达到多变功能和伸缩能力。它提出了在需要时机械制造系统的部件、仪器、单元或供应商可以被添加、删除、修改、或改换来快速适应变化的要求。这种完全重构系统尚不存在，但是随着特别注重硬件设备和机器控制方面，这种系统是世界各地主要研究的主题。支持者认为这种方法有助于提供便宜的解决方案，从长远来看，它可以提高制造系统的生命。重构的硬件在软件方面也需要重大变化用于控制个体机器、完整元件和系统以及规划和控制个体过程和生产．这一切更增加了产品、工艺、制造系统和企业的复杂性。

Flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing systems paradigms
Hoda A. ElMaraghy
Abstract Reconfigurable Manufacturing System (RMS) is a new manufacturing systems paradigm that aims at achieving cost-effective and rapid system changes, as needed and when needed, by incorporating principles of modularity, integrability, flexibility, scalability, convertibility, and diagnosability. RMS promises customized flexibility on demand in a short time, while Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMSs) provides generalized flexibility designed for the anticipated variations and built-in a priori. The characteristics of the two paradigms are outlined and compared. The concept of manufacturing system life cycle is presented. The main types of flexibility in manufacturing systems are discussed and contrasted with the various reconfiguration aspects including hard (physical) and soft (logical) reconfiguration. The types
of changeability and transformability of manufacturing systems, their components as well as factories, are presented along with their enablers and compared with flexibility and reconfigurability. The importance of having harmonized human-machine manufacturing systems is highlighted and the role of people in the various manufacturing paradigms and how this varies in pursuit of productivity are illustrated. Finally, the
industrial and research challenges presented by these manufacturing paradigms are discussed.
Keywords Changeability • Flexibility • Manufacturing systems • Reconfiguration
1. Introduction
Manufacturing systems have evolved from job shops, which feature general-purpose machines, low variety dedicated manufacturing lines driven by the economy of scale. In the eighties the concept of flexible manufacturing was introduced in response to the need for mass customization and for greater responsiveness to changes in products,
production technology, and markets. Flexible manufacturing systems were also developed to address mid-volume, mid-variety production needs. Similarities between parts in design and/or manufacture were used to achieve economy of scope. Flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) anticipated these variations and built-in flexibility a priori; hence they are more robust but have high initial capital investment cost. The
flexibility attributes are sometimes underused. In the nineties, optimality, agility,waste reduction, quality, and lean manufacturing were identified as key drivers and goals for ensuring survival in a globally competitive market.